BIODIESEL STUDIES ...A research material

WHITE PAPER Cold Flow Properties of Blends of Tallow and Soybean Oil-based Biodiesel As Presented by Dr. Jon Van Gerpen, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho Introduction Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats.                                              In the United States, most biodiesel is produced from soybean oil. However, due to  the dramatic increase in soybean oil prices since 2006, soybean oil-based biodiesel prices have risen substantially, and during 2008, soy-based biodiesel has typically traded at a substantial premium to petroleum diesel. Other feedstocks such as other vegetable oils (i.e. palm, cottonseed, peanut, corn, canola, mustard seed, and jatropha oils), tallow (inedible beef fat), choice white  grease (inedible pig fat), used cooking oils, and poultry fat can also be used to make  high-quality biodiesel. Animal fats and used cooking oil feedstocks have traditionally  been lower cost than soybean oil. Given the price advantage of such feedstocks  compared to soy oil, there is now considerable interest in using these lower cost oils  and fats to reduce biodiesel production costs. Unfortunately, animal fats and used  cooking oils are higher in saturated fats, and therefore fuels produced from these  materials will tend to crystallize at higher temperatures. This may make higher  biodiesel blends from these feedstocks unacceptable in regions with cold climates  or during colder months of the year. It has been proposed that blending biodiesel  produced from these saturated feedstocks with soybean oil-based biodiesel could  produce a type of biodiesel with cold temperature properties that would be more  acceptable in colder climates. At the request of Crimson Renewable Energy LP  ("Crimson"), the University of Idaho has tested samples of biodiesel made  from  soybean oil and tallow biodiesel for their cold weather properties. Additionally,  various blend levels of soybean oil biodiesel mixed with tallow biodiesel were  tested for their cold weather properties. The results of these tests are provided in this research summary. Methodology Biodiesel was prepared from samples of biodiesel from soybean oil and tallow (i.e. inedible beef fat). The tallow (a 6% FFA grade) used to produce the biodiesel  for this testing were provided by Crimson and the soybean oil was a food  grade oil purchased at a local grocery store. Biodiesel fuels from each of the feedstocks were made by mixing the oil with    a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil and with 0.5% sodium methylate as a catalyst. The sodium methylate was dissolved in the methanol before adding to the oil.  The process was conducted in two steps with 80% of the methanol/catalyst added  to the oil in the first step. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 140°F, and then the  glycerin was allowed to settle in a separatory funnel. The glycerin was removed and  the remaining 20% of the methanol/catalyst solution was added. The mixture was  again stirred for 1 hour at 140°F and any remaining glycerin was settled out and removed. The fuel was then water-washed to remove methanol, soap, catalyst, and free glycerin. The washed fuel was dried by heating to 230°F for 15 minutes. The final  fuel samples were analyzed for free and total glycerin and found to be in compliance  with ASTM D6751, the specification for biodiesel. Samples of B100 and B20 were prepared and the cold flow properties were measured.  The biodiesel fuels that were tested included 100% soybean oil and tallow-based  biodiesels as well as soybean oil-based biodiesel blended with tallow-based biodiesel  in various ratios. The blend ratios tested were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%  tallow-based biodiesel with the remainder being soybean-oil based biodiesel. The  conventional  diesel used in the B20 biodiesel blends was a standard # 2 diesel obtained  from a service station in Idaho. The cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter  plugging point (CFPP) were measured twice and the numbers were averaged. The CP  and PP data were measured in the biodiesel laboratory at the University of Idaho  using the ASTM D2500 and ASTM D97 test methods respectively. The CFPP data were  measured by Magellan Midstream Partners of Kansas City, Kansas. Measuring Cold Weather Performance Cold weather performance is measured by 3 parameters: cloud point, pour point, and  cold filter plug point. The cloud point refers to the temperature at which  small wax  crystals in diesel or biowax in biodiesel fuels form and are first visually observed  as the fuel cools. The accumulation of solidified waxes will thicken the fuel and can  reach the point where fuel filters and injectors in engines become clogged. The  temperature at which this happens is known as the cold filter plug point. The pour  point is lowest temperature at which the fuel will pour or flow; it is a rough  indication of the lowest temperature at which fuel is readily pumpable. It should be  noted that CFPP for biodiesel blends is the measurement used within the biodiesel industry globally to provide a good indicator of the lowest operability temperature for  diesel engines. Soybean Oil-Tallow Biodiesel Blends For B100 biodiesel made from varying proportions of tallow versus soybean oil-based biodiesel, the cloud point, pour point and cold filter plugging point temperatures follow similar trends and the data points for the intermediate blend levels are roughly linear  between the temperatures for the 100% tallow and 100% soybean oil-based biodiesels. Table 1 shows the cold flow data for B20 produced by mixing 80% conventional  petroleum-based diesel fuel with 20% biodiesel from differing blend ratios of tallow  and soybean-based biodiesel. Because the biodiesel only composes 20% of the  mixture, the effect of changing the relative amounts of tallow biodiesel and soybean  biodiesel is much less than effects for B100 biodiesel. Table 1. Cold Flow Properties of B20 with biodiesel made from blends of  soybean oil and tallow-based biodiese Diesel % % Tallow % Soy CP (°F) PP (°F) CFPP (°F) 80 0 20 15.6 .3 -0.4 80 4 16 12.9 3.2 4.1 80 8 12 15.6 7.5 8.6 80 12 8 15.4 9.5 9.5 80 16 4 13.6 10.8 14.9 80 20 0 19.4 13.3 12.2 For petroleum diesel fuel: CP= -1.8°F (-18.8°C), PP=-19.1°F (-28.4°C), and CFPP=-0.4°F (-18°C) These results from Table 1 are plotted in Figure 1. The cloud point of the B20  biodiesel fuel seems to show little effect as the ratio between the tallow and  soybean oil-based biodiesel is varied; the cloud point varied less than 10 degrees  between the extremes of using 100% tallow-based biodiesel or 100% soybean  oil-based biodiesel for the biodiesel portion of the B20 fuel. Also the cloud point  did not necessarily change in a linear fashion as the proportion of tallow-based  biodiesel changed. For instance, the B20 fuel with the biodiesel portion comprised  of 80% tallow / 20% soybean oil-based biodiesel showed a slightly lower cloud  point than the B20 fuel with the biodiesel portion comprised of 40%  tallow / 60% soybean oil-based biodiesel. The pour point (PP) and cold filter plug point (CFPP) did show a roughly linear  effect with 12.6°F to 14.4°F (7 to 8°C) of variation between the extremes.  That said, the impact on the B20 PP and CFPP of going from 100% soybean  oil-based biodiesel for the biodiesel portion to a 50%/50% soy-tallow biodiesel  blend for the biodiesel portion was relatively modest causing an increase of approximately 8°F in PP and CFPP in the B20 fuel. Figure 1. Cold Flow Properties of B20 with biodiesel made from blends of  soybean oil and tallow-based biodiesel For petroleum diesel fuel: CP= -1.8°F (-18.8°C), PP=-19.1°F (-28.4°C), and CFPP=-0.4°F (-18°C) It should be noted that the CFPP temperature for a given biodiesel blend can be  below the pour point temperature. This is a common observation with biodiesel fuels.  While it might initially seem impossible that the fuel could still flow through a filter  at a temperature below its pour point, it should be noted that the test conditions  are very different for the two procedures. First, when the pour point test is  conducted, the temperature is lowered in increments of 5.4°F (3°C) until a point is reached where the fuel no longer pours from a vessel. Then, 5.4°F (3°C) is added  to this temperature to identify the lowest temperature at which the fuel will pour.  Because of the way the pour point (PP) is defined, it is even possible for a fuel that  behaves similar to a pure compound, like biodiesel, to have a pour point that is  above the cloud point. This was not observed in the tests described here. The pour point technique means the actual freezing temperature of the fuel could  be between 5.4°F (3°C) and 10.8°F (6°C) below the measured pour point. Also, the  rate at which the fuel is cooled can affect the observed PP and CFPP temperatures. Conclusions The data presented in this report indicate that blending biodiesel made from tallow  (inedible beef fat) with soybean oil-based biodiesel can improve the low temperature  properties of the combined biodiesel. For B100 the effect is approximately linear  between the values for the pure methyl esters. The effect of changing the relative  amounts of tallow-based biodiesel versus soybean oil-based biodiesel is much  less for B20 biodiesel fuels than the effects for B100 biodiesel. This is due to the simple fact that in a B20 biodiesel fuel the biodiesel only composes 20% of the  mixture and thus, the impact on B20 cold weather performance from changing  the type of biodiesel used is greatly reduced compared to the impact on the  cold weather performance of B100. Blending tallow-based biodiesel with soybean oil-based biodiesel did not always  have a linear effect on the cloud point of B20. However, roughly linear reductions  in the pour point and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were recorded as the  portions of tallow versus soybean oil-based biodiesel were adjusted. Since the CFPP  is intended to provide an indicator of the lowest operability temperature for engines,  it appears that blending tallow biodiesel with soybean biodiesel should allow  the fuel to be used at lower temperatures. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Scott Burn, Joe Thompson, and Paul Wang for their  assistance in conducting the experiments that produced the data provided in this report. ABOUT US CONTACT US HOME © 2007-2011 Crimson Renewable Energy, L.P. All rights reserved. website design by h2oh marketing.

MOTHER'S DAY SPECIAL Story of Appreciation

From: Jawaid Ali
Date: Thu, May 9, 2013 at 9:20 AM

**Story of Appreciation** 

A Must read for all and specially who 

Sa Ugoy Ng Duyan – Aiza Seguerra Song Lyrics

are in good designation in their job.

One young academically excellent person
 went to apply for a managerial position

 in a big company.He passed the first interview, 

the director did the last interview, made the 
last decision.The director discovered from 
the CV that the youth's academic 

achievements were excellent all the way, 
from the secondary school until the 
postgraduate research, Never had a year 
when he did not score.

 
Picture shared from Facebook (Ruel Plata)

The director asked,
"Did you obtain any scholarships in school?"
The youth answered "none".
The director asked,
" Was it your father who paid
 for your school fees?"
The youth answered,
"My father passed away when 
I was one year old, it 
was my mother who paid for my 
school fees.The director asked,
" Where did your mother work?"
The youth answered,
"My mother worked as clothes 
cleaner.The director requested the 
youth to show his hands.
The youth showed a pair of hands 
that were smooth and perfect.

The director asked,
" Have you ever helped your mother wash the clothes before?"
The youth answered,
"Never, my mother always wanted me to study and read more books.
Furthermore, my mother can wash clothes faster than me.

The director said,
"I have a request. When you go back today, go and clean your 

mother's hands, and then see me tomorrow morning.*

The youth felt that his chance of landing the job was high. When he 

went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. 

His mother felt strange, happy but with mixed feelings, she showed

 her hands to the kid.

The youth cleaned his mother's hands slowly. His tear fell as he did 

that. It was the first time he noticed that his mother's hands were 

so wrinkled, and there were so many bruises in her hands. Some 

bruises were so painful that his mother shivered when they were 

cleaned with water.
This was the first time the youth realized that it was this pair of 

hands that washed the clothes everyday to enable him to pay 

the school fee.

After finishing the cleaning of his mother's hands, the youth quietly 

washed all the remaining clothes for his mother.

That night, mother and son talked for a very long time.

Next morning, the youth went to the director's office.

The Director noticed the tears in the youth's eyes, asked:
" Can you tell me what have you done and learned yesterday in 

your house?"

The youth answered,
" I cleaned my mother's hand, and also finished cleaning all the 

remaining clothes'

The Director asked,
" please tell me your feelings."

The youth said,
Number 1,
I know now what is appreciation. Without my mother, there would

not the successful me today.
Number 2,
By working together and helping my mother, only I now realize 

how difficult and tough it is to get something done.
Number 3,
I have come to appreciate the importance and value of family 

relationship.

The director said,
" This is what I am looking for to be my manager. I want to recruit

a person who can appreciate the help of others, a person who 

knows the sufferings of others to get things done, and a person 

who would not put money as his only goal in life. You are hired.

Later on, this young person worked very hard, and received the 

respect of his subordinates. Every employee worked diligently and 

as a team. The company's performance improved tremendously.

Motivated Ants!!

From: Jawaid Ali

Date: Mon, May 6, 2013 at 11:28 AM

Please allow some time to appear the images!
     

The trouble is, this is so true.

FRIENDSHIP WEEK

From: Susan.Graves

Subject: FW: FRIENDSHIP WEEK
Date: Thu, 9 May 2013 13:27:02 +0000

WE DON'T HAVE LOTS & LOTS OF FRIENDS... JUST GOOD FRIENDS. Let's see if you send this back... A farmer had some puppies he needed to sell. He painted a sign advertising the 4 pups and set about nailing it to a post on the edge of his yard. As he was driving the last nail into the post, he felt a tug on his overalls. He looked down into the eyes of a little boy. "Mister," he said, "I want to buy one of your puppies." "Well," said the farmer, as he rubbed the sweat off the back of his neck, "These puppies come from fine parents and cost a good deal of money." The boy dropped his head for moment.Then reaching deep into his pocket, he pulled out a handful of change and held it up to the farmer. "I've got thirty-nine cents. Is that enough to take a look?" "Sure," said the farmer. And with that he let out a whistle. "Here, Dolly!" he called. Out from the doghouse and down the ramp ran Dolly followed by four little balls of fur. The little boy pressed his face against the chain link fence. His eyes danced with delight. As the dogs made their way to the fence, the little boy noticed something else stirring inside the doghouse. Slowly another little ball appeared, this one noticeably smaller. Down the ramp it slid.Then in a somewhat awkward manner, the little pup began hobbling toward the others, doing its best to catch up... "I want that one," the little boy said, pointing to the runt. The farmer knelt down at the boy's side and said, "Son, you don't want that puppy. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs would." With that, the little boy stepped back from the fence, reached down, and began rolling up one leg of his trousers. In doing so, he revealed a steel brace running down both sides of his leg attaching itself to a specially made shoe. Looking back up at the farmer, he said, "You see sir, I don't run too well myself, and he will need someone who understands." With tears in his eyes, the farmer reached down and picked up the little pup. Holding it carefully, he handed it to the little boy. "How much?" asked the little boy... "No charge," answered the farmer, "There's no charge for love." The world is full of people who need someone who understands. It's National Friendship Week. Show your friends how much you care. Send this to everyone you consider a FRIEND. As well as those who WERE!!! If it comes back to you, then you'll know you have a circle of friends.

Susan Graves

SHARING : LIFE AND PAIN

From: Mosses Buensuceso

Date: Mon, Apr 15, 2013 at 5:28 AM

LIFE AND PAIN:

The old Master instructed the unhappy 

young lady to put a handful of salt in a 

glass of water and then to drink it.

 "How does it taste?" the Master asked.

 "Very bad" Said the lady.

The Master then asked the young lady 

to take another handful of salt and 

put 

it in the lake. The two walked in 

silence 

to the nearby lake and when the

 apprentice swirled her handful of salt 

into the lake, the old man said,

 "Now drink from the lake."

As the water dripped down the 

young lady's chin, the Master asked, 

"How does it taste?" "Good!" remarked 

the apprentice. "Do you taste the salt?" 

asked the Master. "No," said the young lady.

The Master said, "The pain of life is 

pure salt; no more, no less. The amount 

of pain in life remains the same, exactly 

the same. But the amount we taste the '

pain' depends on the container we put

 it into. So when you are in pain,

 the only thing you can do is 

to enlarge your 

sense of things..... Stop being a Glass.  

Become a Lake!

Mosses Buensuceso

Performance Engineer
Operation - Sembcorp Salalah O&M Services Company LLC
P.O Box 1466 Postal Code 211 Salalah Sultanate of Oman - - -
Telephone: +968 23238511 / Fax: +968 23238512 / Mobile:

Parable

From: Alfred Clayton <clayalf@msn.com>

Date: Sat, Nov 26, 2011 at 8:56 AM

Happy moments, praise God....Difficult moments, seek God....Quiet moments, worship God....Painful moments, trust God.....Every moment, thank God. May you always be overwhelmed by the grace of God rather than the cares of life. Pat  -- Ray Broad

Beautiful Parable

 LIFE ISN'T ABOUT WAITING FOR THE STORM TO PASS...
IT'S LEARNING HOW TO DANCE IN THE RAIN !

Shell Corrib Corruption & Community Complaints

May 3, 2013 by

by John Donovan.

That these events go almost universally unreported by the Irish media is a great hindrance to that justice being secured, but your website’s ongoing work in exposing the wrongdoing of Shell and it’s agents worldwide is a vitally important one. Rest assured, the most recent events on the subject of the Corrib Gas project are being closely watched – and acted upon – by many people on the west coast of Ireland and beyond, and together we can expose the corruption that far too many are trying their best to ignore.

Corrib Corruption & Community Complaints

By JM (long-time Shell watcher)

Your recent posting on the Corrib controversy concludes with a point about Irish citizens apparently not raising a fuss over the whole situation, and the latest allegations/revelations in particular.

Living with the ongoing project, many in the local community have had cause to report a multitude of matters to various bodies and State agencies during the course of the last dozen years or so. There are two recurring themes in all such cases: (1) an abuse of process/standards by Shell and/or it’s agents, and (2) a total lack of action/accountability for Shell and/or the agents supposedly “responsible” for the abuse.

The complaints range from the relatively mild (poor consultation, breaches of pollution limits) right through to the atrocious (threats of rape and attempted murder) but the response is almost always the same… it’s someone else’s problem.

A few examples.  When it was discovered that a diesel spill at the refinery site was leaking into the Bellanaboy river, the Environmental Protection Agency was contacted. After initially showing great concern and interest in the situation, on hearing the location was part of the Corrib Gas development the EPA immediately backtracked, and said it was a matter for Mayo County Council.  When Mayo County Council were approached, no-one was available to investigate. The Gardai (police) then intervened and prevented people from taking water samples until the following day, after a hasty clean-up was initiated. No action was taken by MCC.

After dozens of people were man-handled by Shell’s unidentifiable “security” workers on a public beach at Glengad (proposed offshore pipeline landfall) the Gardai were informed, but they refused to take statements of complaint and – when pressed – instead told people to contact the Private Security Authority. When the PSA were contacted they said they would only take action in the event of a criminal conviction secured by the Gardai. To date, no case has ever been taken by Gardai against security violence on the Corrib project towards members of the public (including hospitalisations) even when witnessed by Garda members.

When it was discovered that Shell had illegally installed and operated a septic tank discharging into a Special Area of Conservation at a compound in Rossport, Mayo County Council officials were informed, and a site inspection was arranged. In spite of the obvious physical evidence, MCC took no action.

When Shell workers used an excavator as a battering ram against neighbours preventing trespass onto private property in Pollathomas, Gardai committed criminal damage, trespass and multiple assaults on the public to force the workers through. Subsequent complaints to the Gardai, the Health & Safety Authority and the Garda Siochana Ombudsman Commission were passed between those authorities and eventually all washed their hands of the affair.  No action taken.

There are many other examples, such as Shell’s illegal drilling in a Special Area of Conservation (no sanctions); illegal road built through the same SAC (no prosecution); damage to and theft of fishing gear (no action taken); deliberate sinking of a trawler near offshore pipeline works (no investigation); EPA disallowing Oral Hearing questions as planning matters, then the planning authority (An Bord Pleanala) disallowing the same questions as EPA licensing matters; the list could go on and on.

There is what can perhaps best be described as a grotesque version of pass-the-parcel going on. Everyone knows that there is something unpleasant inside the box, but it keeps getting passed around in the knowledge that the music will never stop (at least, not while the current participants are in the room) and all the while Shell’s taboo Corrib project – and associated abuses – continue unchecked.

To say that people have lost faith in the authorities is a gross understatement, but in spite of all this complaints are still lodged and due process followed, and people still await justice.

That these events go almost universally unreported by the Irish media is a great hindrance to that justice being secured, but your website’s ongoing work in exposing the wrongdoing of Shell and it’s agents worldwide is a vitally important one.

Rest assured, the most recent events on the subject of the Corrib Gas project are being closely watched – and acted upon – by many people on the west coast of Ireland and beyond, and together we can expose the corruption that far too many are trying their best to ignore.

Best Regards

JM
(long-time Shell watcher)

Posted in: Bribery, Business Principles, Corporate Governance, Corrib Gas Project,Corruption, Gas, GoogleNews, Human Rights, Ireland, Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Shell to Sea Campaign.
Tagged: Corrib Gas Project · Corruption · Ireland · Royal Dutch Shell Plc

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